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<< Notifications of 1999


Notification to the Parties

No. 1999/25 Geneva, 12 March 1999

CONCERNING:

Trade in animals for medicinal purposes

1. Decision 10.143 contains a number of instructions to the Secretariat regarding medicinal products containing parts and derivatives of species included in the appendices of the Convention. In order to implement this decision it is necessary to have a clear picture of the species currently traded.

2. The Secretariat has contracted the TRAFFIC Network to compile readily available information on animal species included in the appendices (and their derivatives where known) that are known to have been used in traditional medicine and traded internationally for medicinal purposes during the 1990s. The resulting list is attached as an annex to this Notification.

3. Three main criteria were used for identifying species for inclusion in the list:

 

-

species in widespread use in traditional medicine;

 

-

species traded internationally for medicinal purposes;

 

-

species used to treat biological problems (the same species used as charms or talismans have been excluded).

 

4. The regions covered by this study are regions where TRAFFIC offices are established. The Middle East and West and North Africa have not been covered. Further research will be required to examine the use and trade of animals in traditional medicine in West and Central Africa and South America.

5. Information on medicinal use of and international trade in these species has been obtained from a range of sources. These include: documents published during the 1990s; Customs data and domestic seizure information; CITES annual reports; TRAFFIC observations and field surveys; and communications from traditional medicine practitioners and pharmaceutical companies. All information in the report is referenced and an effort has been made to acquire information from published sources, whenever possible. A copy of this reference list can be obtained from the CITES Secretariat.

6. Where there is reason to believe that certain species or certain parts are used for medicinal purposes, but no documentation of this could be found, they are marked in the list by an asterisk.

7. The Secretariat requests the Parties to review this list and to provide any additional information on animal species in trade for medicinal purposes.

Annex

 

Scientific Name

CITES
App.

Part Used

Used in Traditional Medicine

Traded Internationally for Traditional Medicine

Accipitridae spp.*

I/II

 

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Arctocephalus pusillus*

II

Fat

Cunningham and Zondi, 1991; Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Arctocephalus pusillus

II

Genitalia

Marshall, 1998

Anon., 1999a

Arctocephalus pusillus

II

Penis

Gaski and Johnson, 1994

Malik et al., 1997

Bos gaurus

I

Asham, 1996; Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a; Martin, 1997; Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Anon., 1999a

Bos gaurus*

I

Bone, gall bladder

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Bos gaurus

I

Horn

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a; Martin, 1997; Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Bos javanicus

I

Horn

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Bos sauveli*

I

Gall bladder

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Bos sauveli

I

Horn

Baird, 1995; Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Bubalus arnee*

III

Gall bladder

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Bubalus arnee

III

Horn

Baird, 1995; Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Budorcas taxicolor

II

Horn

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Ceratotherium simum cottoni*

I

Horn

Marshall, 1998

Hillman-Smith, 1999

Cercopithecidae spp.*

I/II

Blood, bone, brain, excrement, gall bladder, skull

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Cercopithecus mitis*

II

 

Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Cervus eldii

I

 

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Anon., 1999a

Cervus eldii

I

Antler

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Cnidaria spp.

II

Dead animals

Reichle, 1996

Reichle, 1996

Chelonia mydas

I

 

Gubelman and Kavu, 1996; Howell, 1993; Melisch, 1990; 1991; 1992; 1994

Anon., 1999a

Chelonia mydas*

I

Egg, flesh

Melisch, 1990; 1991; 1992; 1994

Melisch, 1999a

Chelonia mydas*

I

Oil

Gubelman and Kavu, 1996; Howell, 1993

Howell, 1993

Chelonidae spp.

I

 

Nugroho et al., 1994; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1997

Anon., 1999a

Crocodylus niloticus

I/II

 

Cunningham and Zondi, 1991; Marshall, 1998

Anon., 1999a; Cunningham and Zondi, 1991

Crocodylus niloticus

I/II

Fat, skin

Marshall, 1998

Cunningham and Zondi, 1991

Crocodylus niloticus

I/II

Oil

Behra, 1992

Cunningham and Zondi, 1991

Crocodylus siamensis

I

Dried penis

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Crocodylus spp.

I/II

 

Baird, 1995; Gaski and Johnson, 1994

Anon., 1999a

Crocodylus spp.*

I/II

"Lumpy" bone on top of head

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Crocodylus spp.

I/II

Bile

Gaski and Johnson, 1994

Gaski and Johnson, 1994

Crocodylus spp.*

I/II

Gall bladder

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Crocodylus spp.

I/II

Teeth

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Crotalus durissus terrificus

III

 

Keller et al., 1995; Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; von Nieda, 1999

Anon., 1999a

Crotalus durissus terrificus

III

Fresh/dried venom

Keller et al., 1995; Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; von Nieda, 1999

Keller et al., 1995; Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; von Nieda, 1999

Dugong dugon*

I/II

Teeth

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Elephantidae spp.

I/II

 

Anon., 1996a; Chang et al., 1998

Anon., 1999a

Elephantidae spp.

I/II

Skin

Anon., 1996a; Chang et al., 1998

Anon., 1996a

Elephas maximus*

I

Bone

Baird, 1995; Martin and Phipps, 1996

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Elephas maximus*

I

Muscle, penis, teeth, tusk, urine

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Elephas maximus*

I

Skin

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a; Martin, 1997; Martin and Phipps, 1996; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Eretmochelys imbricata

I

 

KFDA, 1998

Anon., 1999a

Eretmochelys imbricata*

I

Shell

KFDA, 1998

KFDA, 1998

Felidae spp.

I/II

 

Baird, 1995; HK AFD, 1996a; 1997

Anon., 1999a

Felidae spp.*

I/II

Oil

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Felidae spp.

II

Bone

HK AFD, 1996a; 1997

HK AFD, 1996a; 1997

Geochelone elegans*

II

Shell

Sharma, 1996

Anon., 1999b

Geochelone pardalis

II

Shell

Chang, 1999

Chang, 1999

Helarctos malayanus

I

 

Anon., 1996b; Fan and Song, 1997; Martin, 1992b; Martin and Phipps, 1996; Nash, 1997

Anon., 1999a

Helarctos malayanus

I

Gall bladder

Anon., 1996b; Fan and Song, 1997

Servheen et al., 1999

Heloderma horridum

II

Dried venom

Keller et al., 1995; Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998

Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998

Hippopotamus amphibius

II

 

Marshall, 1998

Anon., 1999a

Hippopotamus amphibius

II

Fat

Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Hirudo medicinalis

II

 

Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998

Anon., 1999a; Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; TRAFFIC Europe Germany, 1997

Hirudo medicinalis

II

Body

JP MITI, 1995

JP MITI, 1995

Hystricidae spp.*

III

Intestine, stomach, tail

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Hystricidae spp.*

III

Quill

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a; Martin and Phipps, 1996

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Hystrix brachyura*

II

Quill

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Indotestudo elongata

II

Shell

Baird, 1995; Chang, 1999

Chang, 1999

Kachuga tecta

I

Shell

Chang, 1999

Chang, 1999

Loxodonta africana

I/II

 

Marshall, 1998

Anon., 1999a

Loxodonta africana

I/II

Excrement, fat, skin

Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Lutra lutra

I

 

Chang et al., 1998

Anon., 1999a

Lutrinae spp.*

I/II

Bladder

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Lutrinae spp.

I/II

Liver

Foster-Turley et al., 1990

Foster-Turley et al., 1990

Lutrinae spp.

I/II

Sexual organs

Foster-Turley et al., 1990; Mai, 1998; Zhang, 1999

Foster-Turley et al., 1990

Lutrinae spp.*

I/II

Teeth

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Macaca spp.*

II

Skull

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Macaca mulatta

II

Asham, 1996; Ghosh and Maiti, 1996

Anon., 1999a

Manidae spp.*

II

Scales

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a; Martin, 1992b; Martin, 1997; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Manis spp.

II

 

Chang et al., 1998; HK AFD, 1996b; Mai, 1998; Suzuki, 1994; Zhang, 1999

Anon., 1999a

Manis spp.

II

Scales

Chang et al., 1998; HK AFD, 1996b; Mai, 1998; Suzuki, 1994; Zhang, 1999

Anon., 1997a; HK AFD, 1996a; JP MITI, 1995; TW COA, 1998

Manis javanica

II

 

Martin, 1992b

Anon., 1999a

Manis javanica

II

Scales

Anon., 1994; Martin and Phipps, 1996; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

Anon., 1994

Manis pentadactyla

II

 

Anon., 1997a; KFDA, 1998; Nugroho et al., 1994

Anon., 1999a

Manis pentadactyla

II

Scales

Anon., 1997a; KFDA, 1998; Nugroho et al., 1994

Anon., 1997a; KR Ministry of Environment, 1998

Manis temminckii

II

Scales

Brautigam et al., 1994; Cunningham and Zondi, 1991; Marshall, 1998

Brautigam et al., 1994; Marshall, 1998

Manouria impressa

II

Shell

Chang, 1999

Chang, 1999

Melursus ursinus

I

Gall

Servheen et al., 1999

Servheen et al., 1999

Monodon monoceros

II

Teeth

JP MITI, 1992

JP MITI, 1992

Morenia ocellata

I

Shell

Chang, 1999

Chang, 1999

Moschus spp.

I/II

 

Anon., 1997a; Chang et al., 1998; Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; Homes, in prep.; JP MITI, 1995; KFDA, 1998; Mai, 1998; Melisch, 1999b; Nugroho et al., 1994; Reichle, 1996; Tsang, 1999; Zhang, 1999

Anon., 1999a

Moschus spp.

I/II

Musk pod

Homes, in prep.; Nugroho et al., 1994

Homes, in prep.

Moschus spp.

I/II

Pod/gland

Anon., 1997a; Chang et al., 1998; JP MITI, 1995; KFDA, 1998; Mai, 1998; Zhang, 1999

Anon., 1997a; JP MITI, 1995; KR Ministry of Environment, 1996; TW COA, 1998

Moschus spp.

I/II

Pod/gland

Tsang, 1999

HK AFD, 1999

Moschus spp.

I/II

Musk gland

Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; Homes, in prep.; Melisch, 1999b; Reichle, 1996

Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; Homes, in prep.; Melisch, 1999b

Moschus berezovskii

II

 

JP MITI, 1995

Anon., 1999a

Moschus berezovskii

II

Pod/gland

JP MITI, 1995

JP MITI, 1995

Moschus moschiferus

II

 

JP MITI, 1995; KFDA, 1998; Pal et al., 1994; Sharma, 1996;

Anon., 1999a

Moschus moschiferus

II

Pod/gland

JP MITI, 1995

JP MITI, 1995

Moschus moschiferus

II

Pod/gland

KFDA, 1998

KR Ministry of Environment, 1996

Moschus moschiferus*

II

Musk

Sharma, 1996; Uniyal, 1991

TRAFFIC India, 1999

Naemorhedus spp.

I

Horn

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Naemorhedus sumatraensis*

I

Blood

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Naemorhedus sumatraensis*

I

Gall bladder

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Naemorhedus sumatraensis*

I

Hoof/foot

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a; Nash, 1997; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Naemorhedus sumatraensis

I

Horn

Anon., 1998; Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a; Nash, 1997; Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Naemorhedus sumatraensis*

I

Intestine

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Naemorhedus sumatraensis

I

Oil

Baird, 1995; Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Naemorhedus sumatraensis*

I

Skin, teeth

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Naemorhedus sumatraensis*

I

Skull

Anon., 1998

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Naja spp.

II

Bile

Anon., 1997b; Nash, 1997

Anon., 1997b

Naja naja

II

 

Anon., 1997a; Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; JP MITI, 1991; Keller et al., 1995; Nugroho et al., 1994; von Nieda, 1999

Anon., 1999a

Naja naja

II

Body

Anon., 1997a; JP MITI, 1991

Anon., 1997a; JP MITI, 1991

Naja naja

II

Venom

Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; Keller et al., 1995; Nugroho et al., 1994; von Nieda, 1999

Keller et al., 1995; Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; von Nieda, 1999

Nyticebus spp.*

II

Bone

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Ophiophagus hannah

II

 

Baird, 1995

Anon., 1999a

Ophiophagus hannah*

II

Bone

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Pangasianodon gigas*

I

Gall bladder, pectoral spine

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Panthera leo

II

 

Baird, 1995; Emerton, 1991; Marshall, 1998

Anon., 1999a

Panthera leo*

II

Bone

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Panthera leo

II

Fat

Emerton, 1991; Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Panthera pardus

I

 

Chang et al., 1998; Emerton, 1991; Gaski and Johnson, 1994; Mai, 1998; Marshall, 1998

Anon., 1999a

Panthera pardus

I

Bone

Chang et al., 1998; Gaski and Johnson, 1994; Mai, 1998

Gaski and Johnson, 1994

Panthera pardus*

I

Fat

Emerton, 1991; Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Panthera pardus

I

Heart

Emerton, 1991

Marshall, 1998

Panthera pardus

I

Skin

Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Panthera tigris

I

 

Ghosh and Maiti, 1996; Martin, 1992a; Martin and Phipps, 1996; Melisch, 1998; Nugroho et al., 1994; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

Anon., 1999a

Panthera tigris

I

Bone

Baird, 1995; Chang et al., 1998; HK AFD 1996a; 1997; JP MITI, 1993; Mai, 1998; Martin, 1992a; 1992b; 1997; Martin and Phipps, 1996; Melisch, 1998; 1999b; Mills and Jackson, 1994; Nash, 1997; Plowden and Bowles, 1997; Shepherd, 1996; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1997; 1998

JP MITI, 1993; KR Ministry of Environment, 1998; Melisch, 1999b; Mills and Jackson, 1994; Plowden and Bowles, 1997; TW COA, 1996

Panthera tigris*

I

Bone paste

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Panthera tigris

I

Bone powder

Plowden and Bowles, 1997

Plowden and Bowles, 1997

Panthera tigris*

I

Gall bladder

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Panthera tigris

I

Penis

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Panthera tigris*

I

Teeth

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1992a

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Pavo muticus*

II

"End" feather, gall bladder, stock of tail feather

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Physeter catodon

I

 

Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; Sharma, 1996; Uniyal, 1991; Zimmermann, 1996

Anon., 1999a

Physeter catodon

I

Ambergris

Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998; Sharma, 1996; Uniyal, 1991; Zimmermann, 1996

Zimmermann, 1996; Deutsche Homöopathie Union, 1998

Primates spp.

I/II

 

Baird, 1995; Mai, 1998; Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994; Tse, 1998

Anon., 1999a

Primates spp.*

I/II

Bone

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Primates spp.

I/II

Gall stone

Mai, 1998; Tse, 1998

Anon., 1997b

Primates spp.

I/II

Skull

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Pteropus spp.*

I/II

Excrement

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Pteropus spp.*

I/II

Heart

KSBK and ASA, 1997; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1997

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Pteropus spp.*

I/II

Liver

KSBK and ASA, 1997; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1997

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Python spp.

I/II

 

Martin and Phipps, 1996; Nash, 1997; Nugroho et al., 1994

Anon., 1999a

Python spp.*

I/II

Bone

Baird, 1995; Martin and Phipps, 1996

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Python spp.*

I/II

Gall bladder

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1997; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Python spp.*

I/II

Oil

Baird, 1995; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Python molurus

I/II

 

JP MITI, 1991; Martin, 1992b; Nugroho et al., 1994

Anon., 1999a; JP MITI, 1991

Python reticulatus

II

 

Nash, 1997

Anon., 1999a

Python reticulatus*

II

Blood

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Python sebae

II

 

Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Python sebae

II

Backbone

Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Python sebae

II

Bone

Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Python sebae

II

Fat

Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Python sebae

II

Skin

Marshall, 1998

Marshall, 1998

Rhinocerotidae spp.

I/II

 

Nash, 1997

Anon., 1999a

Rhinocerotidae spp.*

I/II

Blood

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Rhinocerotidae spp.

I/II

Horn

Anon., 1995; Anon., 1997c; Baird, 1995; Chang et al., 1998; German Federal Customs Authorities, 1997; HK AFD, 1996a; 1997; Mai, 1998; Nugroho et al., 1994; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1997; Yum, 1992

Anon., 1997c; German Federal Customs Authorities, 1997; HK AFD, 1996a; 1997; Mulliken and Haywood, 1994

Rhinocerotidae spp.*

I/II

Muscle, skin, teeth, toe

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Diceros bicornis

I

 

Cunningham, 1993

Anon., 1999a; Leader-Williams, 1992

Rhinoceros unicornis

I

Horn

Menon, 1996

Menon, 1996

Saiga tatarica

II

 

Anon., 1997a; Chan et al., 1995; Chang et al., 1998; JP MITI, 1995; Lau, 1999; Mai, 1998; Martin and Phipps, 1996; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1997; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

Anon., 1999a

Saiga tatarica

II

Horn

Anon., 1997a; Chan et al., 1995; Chang et al., 1998; JP MITI, 1995; Lau, 1999; Mai, 1998; Martin and Phipps, 1996; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1997; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

Anon., 1997a; Anon., 1999a; HK AFD, 1996a; 1997; JP MITI, 1995;

Testudinidae spp.

I/II

Chang et al., 1998; Mai, 1998; Tse, 1998; Zhang, 1999

Anon., 1999a

Testudinidae spp.

I/II

Shell

Chang et al., 1998; Mai, 1998; Tse, 1998; Zhang, 1999

Chang, 1999; HK Census and Statistics Department, 1997

Uromastyx aegyptius

II

Extract from live animals

TRAFFIC International, 1997

CITES Secretariat, 1997

Ursidae spp.*

I/II

Bile

Martin, 1992a; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

TRAFFIC India, 1999; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Ursidae spp.

I/II

Bone

Baird, 1995; Gaski and Johnson, 1994

Gaski and Johnson, 1994

Ursidae spp.

I/II

Bones of the hand

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Ursidae spp.

I/II

Gall bladder

Baird, 1995; Martin, 1997; Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1998

Srikosamatara and Suteethorn, 1994

Ursidae spp.*

I/II

Hair

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Ursidae spp.*

I/II

Teeth

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999

Ursidae spp. (excluding Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

I/II

Gall bladder

Anon., 1996b; Chang et al., 1998; KFDA, 1998; Mai, 1998; Suzuki, 1994; Tsang, 1999; Zhang, 1999

HK AFD, 1996a; 1997; KR Ministry of Environment, 1996; JP Ministry of Finance, 1998; Mills et al., 1995; TW COA, 1996

Ursus americanus

II

 

KR Ministry of Environment, 1996; Suzuki, 1994

Anon., 1999a

Ursus americanus

II

Gall bladder

KR Ministry of Environment, 1996; Suzuki, 1994

JP MITI, 1995; KR Ministry of Environment, 1996

Ursus arctos

I/II

 

Anon., 1996b; Fan and Song, 1997; KR Ministry of Environment, 1996; Servheen et al., 1999; Tsang, 1999

Anon., 1999a

Ursus arctos

I/II

Gall bladder

Anon., 1996b; Fan and Song, 1997; KR Ministry of Environment, 1996; Servheen et al., 1999; Tsang, 1999

HK AFD, 1999; KR Ministry of Environment, 1996; Servheen et al., 1999

Ursus thibetanus

I

 

Asham, 1996; Nash, 1997

Anon., 1999a

Ursus thibetanus

I

Gall

Servheen et al., 1999

Servheen et al., 1999

Ursus thibetanus

I

Gall bladder

Anon., 1999; Fan and Song, 1997

Servheen et al., 1999

Varanus spp.

II

 

Baird, 1995

Anon., 1999a

Varanus spp.*

II

Oil

Baird, 1995

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 1999